Wednesday, September 28, 2022

Data Structures and Algorithms (Heap Sort) - Tirthankar Pal - MBA from IIT Kharagpur, GATE, GMAT, IIT Written Test, Interview were a part of MBA Entrance, B.S. in Computer Science from NIELIT

Heap Sort Algorithm

In this tutorial, you will learn about the heap sort algorithm and its implementation in Python, Java, C, and C++.

Heap Sort is a popular and efficient sorting algorithm in computer programming. Learning how to write the heap sort algorithm requires knowledge of two types of data structures - arrays and trees.

The initial set of numbers that we want to sort is stored in an array e.g. [10, 3, 76, 34, 23, 32] and after sorting, we get a sorted array [3,10,23,32,34,76].

Heap sort works by visualizing the elements of the array as a special kind of complete binary tree called a heap.

Note: As a prerequisite, you must know about a complete binary tree and heap data structure.


Relationship between Array Indexes and Tree Elements

A complete binary tree has an interesting property that we can use to find the children and parents of any node.

If the index of any element in the array is i, the element in the index 2i+1 will become the left child and element in 2i+2 index will become the right child. Also, the parent of any element at index i is given by the lower bound of (i-1)/2.

on the left, there is a graph and on the right there is an array representation of the same graph to compare equivalent indices
Relationship between array and heap indices

Let's test it out,

Left child of 1 (index 0)
= element in (2*0+1) index 
= element in 1 index 
= 12


Right child of 1
= element in (2*0+2) index
= element in 2 index 
= 9

Similarly,
Left child of 12 (index 1)
= element in (2*1+1) index
= element in 3 index
= 5

Right child of 12
= element in (2*1+2) index
= element in 4 index
= 6

Let us also confirm that the rules hold for finding parent of any node

Parent of 9 (position 2) 
= (2-1)/2 
= ½ 
= 0.5
~ 0 index 
= 1

Parent of 12 (position 1) 
= (1-1)/2 
= 0 index 
= 1

Understanding this mapping of array indexes to tree positions is critical to understanding how the Heap Data Structure works and how it is used to implement Heap Sort.


What is Heap Data Structure?

Heap is a special tree-based data structure. A binary tree is said to follow a heap data structure if

  • it is a complete binary tree
  • All nodes in the tree follow the property that they are greater than their children i.e. the largest element is at the root and both its children and smaller than the root and so on. Such a heap is called a max-heap. If instead, all nodes are smaller than their children, it is called a min-heap

The following example diagram shows Max-Heap and Min-Heap.

max heap min heap comparison
Max Heap and Min Heap

To learn more about it, please visit Heap Data Structure.


How to "heapify" a tree

Starting from a complete binary tree, we can modify it to become a Max-Heap by running a function called heapify on all the non-leaf elements of the heap.

Since heapify uses recursion, it can be difficult to grasp. So let's first think about how you would heapify a tree with just three elements.

heapify(array)
    Root = array[0]
    Largest = largest( array[0] , array [2*0 + 1]. array[2*0+2])
    if(Root != Largest)
          Swap(Root, Largest)
graph shows how base case of heapify works
Heapify base cases

The example above shows two scenarios - one in which the root is the largest element and we don't need to do anything. And another in which the root had a larger element as a child and we needed to swap to maintain max-heap property.

If you're worked with recursive algorithms before, you've probably identified that this must be the base case.

Now let's think of another scenario in which there is more than one level.

image showing tree data with root element containing two max-heap subtrees
How to heapify root element when its subtrees are already max heaps

The top element isn't a max-heap but all the sub-trees are max-heaps.

To maintain the max-heap property for the entire tree, we will have to keep pushing 2 downwards until it reaches its correct position.

steps to heapify root element when both of its subtrees are already max-heaps
How to heapify root element when its subtrees are max-heaps

Thus, to maintain the max-heap property in a tree where both sub-trees are max-heaps, we need to run heapify on the root element repeatedly until it is larger than its children or it becomes a leaf node.

void heapify(int arr[], int n, int i) {
  // Find largest among root, left child and right child
  int largest = i;
  int left = 2 * i + 1;
  int right = 2 * i + 2;

  if (left < n && arr[left] > arr[largest])
    largest = left;

  if (right < n && arr[right] > arr[largest])
    largest = right;

    // Swap and continue heapifying if root is not largest
    if (largest != i) {
      swap(&arr[i], &arr[largest]);
      heapify(arr, n, largest);
  }
}

This function works for both the base case and for a tree of any size. We can thus move the root element to the correct position to maintain the max-heap status for any tree size as long as the sub-trees are max-heaps.


Build max-heap

To build a max-heap from any tree, we can thus start heapifying each sub-tree from the bottom up and end up with a max-heap after the function is applied to all the elements including the root element.

In the case of a complete tree, the first index of a non-leaf node is given by n/2 - 1. All other nodes after that are leaf-nodes and thus don't need to be heapified.

So, we can build a maximum heap as

    // Build heap (rearrange array)
    for (int i = n / 2 - 1; i >= 0; i--)
      heapify(arr, n, i);
steps to build max heap for heap sort
Create array and calculate i
steps to build max heap for heap sort
Steps to build max heap for heap sort
steps to build max heap for heap sort
Steps to build max heap for heap sort
steps to build max heap for heap sort
Steps to build max heap for heap sort

As shown in the above diagram, we start by heapifying the lowest smallest trees and gradually move up until we reach the root element.

If you've understood everything till here, congratulations, you are on your way to mastering the Heap sort.


Working of Heap Sort

  1. Since the tree satisfies Max-Heap property, then the largest item is stored at the root node.
  2. Swap: Remove the root element and put at the end of the array (nth position) Put the last item of the tree (heap) at the vacant place.
  3. Remove: Reduce the size of the heap by 1.
  4. Heapify: Heapify the root element again so that we have the highest element at root.
  5. The process is repeated until all the items of the list are sorted.
procedures for implementing heap sort
Swap, Remove, and Heapify

The code below shows the operation.

    // Heap sort
    for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
      swap(&arr[0], &arr[i]);

      // Heapify root element to get highest element at root again
      heapify(arr, i, 0);
    }

Heap Sort Code in Python, Java, and C/C++

# Heap Sort in python


  def heapify(arr, n, i):
      # Find largest among root and children
      largest = i
      l = 2 * i + 1
      r = 2 * i + 2
  
      if l < n and arr[i] < arr[l]:
          largest = l
  
      if r < n and arr[largest] < arr[r]:
          largest = r
  
      # If root is not largest, swap with largest and continue heapifying
      if largest != i:
          arr[i], arr[largest] = arr[largest], arr[i]
          heapify(arr, n, largest)
  
  
  def heapSort(arr):
      n = len(arr)
  
      # Build max heap
      for i in range(n//2, -1, -1):
          heapify(arr, n, i)
  
      for i in range(n-1, 0, -1):
          # Swap
          arr[i], arr[0] = arr[0], arr[i]
  
          # Heapify root element
          heapify(arr, i, 0)
  
  
  arr = [1, 12, 9, 5, 6, 10]
  heapSort(arr)
  n = len(arr)
  print("Sorted array is")
  for i in range(n):
      print("%d " % arr[i], end='')
  

Heap Sort Complexity

Time Complexity 
BestO(nlog n)
WorstO(nlog n)
AverageO(nlog n)
Space ComplexityO(1)
StabilityNo

Heap Sort has O(nlog n) time complexities for all the cases ( best case, average case, and worst case).

Let us understand the reason why. The height of a complete binary tree containing n elements is log n

As we have seen earlier, to fully heapify an element whose subtrees are already max-heaps, we need to keep comparing the element with its left and right children and pushing it downwards until it reaches a point where both its children are smaller than it.

In the worst case scenario, we will need to move an element from the root to the leaf node making a multiple of log(n) comparisons and swaps.

During the build_max_heap stage, we do that for n/2 elements so the worst case complexity of the build_heap step is n/2*log n ~ nlog n.

During the sorting step, we exchange the root element with the last element and heapify the root element. For each element, this again takes log n worst time because we might have to bring the element all the way from the root to the leaf. Since we repeat this n times, the heap_sort step is also nlog n.

Also since the build_max_heap and heap_sort steps are executed one after another, the algorithmic complexity is not multiplied and it remains in the order of nlog n.

Also it performs sorting in O(1) space complexity. Compared with Quick Sort, it has a better worst case ( O(nlog n) ). Quick Sort has complexity O(n^2) for worst case. But in other cases, Quick Sort is fast. Introsort is an alternative to heapsort that combines quicksort and heapsort to retain advantages of both: worst case speed of heapsort and average speed of quicksort.


Heap Sort Applications

Systems concerned with security and embedded systems such as Linux Kernel use Heap Sort because of the O(n log n) upper bound on Heapsort's running time and constant O(1) upper bound on its auxiliary storage.

Although Heap Sort has O(n log n) time complexity even for the worst case, it doesn't have more applications ( compared to other sorting algorithms like Quick Sort, Merge Sort ). However, its underlying data structure, heap, can be efficiently used if we want to extract the smallest (or largest) from the list of items without the overhead of keeping the remaining items in the sorted order. For e.g Priority Queues.

Tirthankar Pal

MBA from IIT Kharagpur with GATE, GMAT, IIT Kharagpur Written Test, and Interview

2 year PGDM (E-Business) from Welingkar, Mumbai

4 years of Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Computer Science from the National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology

Google and Hubspot Certification

Brain Bench Certification in C++, VC++, Data Structure and Project Management

10 years of Experience in Software Development out of that 6 years 8 months in Wipro

Selected in Six World Class UK Universities:-

King's College London, Durham University, University of Exeter, University of Sheffield, University of Newcastle, University of Leeds



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